Saturday, December 28, 2019

Biography of Heinrich Hertz

Physics students around the world are familiar with the work of Heinrich Hertz, the German physicist who proved that electromagnetic waves definitely exist. His work in electrodynamics paved the way for many  modern uses of light (also known as electromagnetic waves). The frequency unit that physicists use is named the Hertz in his honor. Fast Facts Heinrich Hertz Full Name: Heinrich Rudolf HertzBest Known For: Proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves, Hertzs principle of least curvature, and the photoelectric effect.Born: February 22, 1857 in Hamburg, GermanyDied: January 1, 1894 in  Bonn, Germany, at age 36Parents: Gustav Ferdinand Hertz and Anna Elisabeth PfefferkornSpouse: Elisabeth Doll, married 1886Children: Johanna and MathildeEducation: Physics and mechanical engineering, was a professor of physics in various institutes.Significant Contributions: Proved that electromagnetic waves propagated various distances through the air, and summarized how objects of different materials affect each other on contact. Early Life and Education Heinrich Hertz was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1857. His parents were Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (a lawyer) and Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn. Although his father was born Jewish, he converted to Christianity and the children were raised as Christians. This did not stop the Nazis from dishonoring Hertz after his death, due to the taint of Jewishness, but his reputation was restored after World War II. The young Hertz was educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg, where he showed a deep interest in scientific subjects. He went on to study engineering in Frankfurt under such scientists as Gustav Kirchhoff and Hermann Helmholtz. Kirchhoff specialized in studies of radiation, spectroscopy, and electrical circuit theories. Helmholtz was a physicist who developed theories about vision, the perception of sound and light, and the fields of electrodynamics and thermodynamics. It is small wonder then, that the young Hertz became interested in some of the same theories and eventually did his lifes work in the fields of contact mechanics and electromagnetism. Life's Work and Discoveries After earning a Ph.D. in 1880, Hertz took up a series of professorships where he taught physics and theoretical mechanics. He married Elisabeth Doll in 1886 and they had two daughters. Hertzs doctoral dissertation focused on James Clerk Maxwells theories of electromagnetism. Maxwell worked in mathematical physics until his death in 1879 and formulated what is now known as Maxwells Equations. They describe, through mathematics, the functions of electricity and magnetism. He also predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertzs work focused on that proof, which took him several years to achieve. He constructed a simple dipole antenna with a spark gap between the elements, and he managed to produce radio waves with it. Between 1879 and 1889, he did a series of experiments that used electrical and magnetic fields to produce waves that could be measured. He established that the velocity of the waves was the same as the speed of light, and studied the characteristics of the fields he generated, measuring their magnitude, polarization, and reflections. Ultimately, his work showed that light and other waves he measured were all a form of electromagnetic radiation that could be defined by Maxwells equations. He proved through his work that electromagnetic waves can and do move through the air.   In addition, Hertz focused on a concept called the photoelectric effect, which occurs when an object with electrical charge loses that charge very quickly when it is exposed to light, in his case, ultraviolet radiation. He observed and described the effect, but never explained why it happened. That was left to Albert Einstein, who published his own work on the effect. He suggested that light (electromagnetic radiation) consists of energy carried by electromagnetic waves in little packets called quanta. Hertzs studies and Einsteins later work eventually became the basis for an important branch of physics called quantum mechanics.  Hertz and his student Phillip Lenard also worked with cathode rays, which are produced inside vacuum tubes by electrodes.   Heinrich Hertzs portrait and drawings of electrical fields that he studied appeared on a German postage stamp in 1994. Deutsche Bundespost. What Hertz Missed Interestingly, Heinrich Hertz did not think his experiments with electromagnetic radiation, particularly radio waves, had any practical value. His attention was focused solely on theoretical experiments. So, he proved that electromagnetic waves propagated through the air (and space). His work led others to experiment even further with other aspects of radio waves and electromagnetic propagation. Eventually, they stumbled across the concept of using radio waves to send signals and messages, and other inventors used them to create telegraphy, radio broadcasting, and eventually television. Without Hertzs work, however, todays use of radio, TV, satellite broadcasts, and cellular technology wouldnt exist. Nor would the science of radio astronomy, which relies heavily on his work.   Other Scientific Interests Hertzs scientific accomplishments werent limited to electromagnetism. He also did a great deal of research on the topic of contact mechanics, which is the study of solid matter objects that touch each other. The big questions in this area of study have to do with the stresses the objects produce on each other, and what role friction plays in interactions between their surfaces. This is an important field of study in mechanical engineering. Contact mechanics affect design and construction in such objects as combustion engines, gaskets, metalworks, and also objects that have electrical contact with each other.   Hertzs work in contact mechanics began in 1882 when he published a paper titled On the Contact of Elastic Solids, where he was actually working with the properties of stacked lenses. He wanted to understand how their optical properties would be affected. The concept of Hertzian stress is named for him and describes the pinpoint stresses that objects undergo as they contact each other, particularly in curved objects.   Later Life Heinrich Hertz worked on his research and lecturing until his death on January 1, 1894. His health began failing several years prior to his death, and there was some evidence he had cancer.  His final years were taken up with teaching, further research, and several operations for his condition. His final publication, a book titled  Die Prinzipien der Mechanik (The Principles of Mechanics), was sent to the printer a few weeks before his death.   Honors Hertz was honored not only by the use of his name for the fundamental period of a wavelength, but his name appears on a memorial medal and a crater on the Moon. An institute called the Heinrich-Hertz Institute for Oscillation Research was founded in 1928, known today as the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, HHI. The scientific tradition continued with various members of his family, including his daughter Mathilde, who became a famous biologist. A nephew, Gustav Ludwig Hertz, won a Nobel prize, and other family members made significant scientific contributions in medicine and physics.   Bibliography â€Å"Heinrich Hertz and Electromagnetic Radiation.† AAAS - The Worlds Largest General Scientific Society, www.aaas.org/heinrich-hertz-and-electromagnetic-radiation. www.aaas.org/heinrich-hertz-and-electromagnetic-radiation.Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Fluorescence Digital Image Gallery - Normal African Green Monkey Kidney Epithelial Cells (Vero), micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/hertz.html.http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hertz_Heinrich.htmlâ€Å"Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.† Cardan Biography, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hertz_Heinrich.html.

Friday, December 20, 2019

Machiavelli s View Of A Good Ruler - 1232 Words

Nicole Orogbu English 9.17.15 Essay 1 Through the ages, many societies throughout the world have seen distinct changes in form of rule. From monarchies, to democracies, to oligarchies, the political state of many societies have seen everything from gradual to drastic changes—both maintenance of traditional rule and violent upheavals. Niccolà ² Machiavelli was a writer, philosopher, politician, and historian from Italy who lived during the Renaissance Philosophy era of Europe. In his works, Machiavelli argued the importance of being a good ruler, even if it meant being harsh to one’s own subjects. Machiavelli offered harsh criticisms against religions and especially Christianity during a time where Christianity seemed to be the foundation of every society. Machiavelli believed that Christianity resulted in lethargy due to people leaving their fortune, health, and future up to God. However, Machiavelli still viewed religion as a good tool in maintaining the structure of any given society. According to Machiavelli, a great ruler would be irreligious himself, but would still be able to persuade his subjects into a religion. Machiavelli’s The Prince was published in 1532 and was regarded as highly immoral because of its radical perceptions of how one would effectively rule a nation and maintain politica l power by separating politics from moral law. John Milton was a highly-renowned English poet (often called the greatest writer of his time) who lived in 17th century England whoseShow MoreRelatedThe Republic By Plato And The Prince By Machiavelli1617 Words   |  7 PagesRepublic by Plato and The Prince by Machiavelli offer important views on political philosophies of rulers. Plato writes of a perfect society where status as ruler is naturally selected through innate abilities. These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, and preserve it. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Music History Essay Thesis Example For Students

Music History Essay Thesis When played, the bassist has to read the bass line composed for the part of cello, even though the sounds made are much lower than the notes being read. Some of the techniques for playing the double bass are: Arc also known as bowing. This kind of playing technique is similar to the way a violin and/or a cello is played. Pizzicato also known as striking. The musician strikes the strings to produce sound. This kind of style is typically used by Jazz players. Slap Bass The musician plucks or pulls the strings and releases it. As the strings slap or hit the finger board, creating unique array of sounds with notes that have an added click to it. Occasionally the double bass is played as part of symphonic orchestras, but is most often played in Jazz and dance bands. 3. Has it always been made the same way or had the same form? The double bass has never really had one standard shape. Since the 16th century, its shape has changed more than any other stringed instruments. One is like a violin (although much larger), sometimes with a curved back, sometimes with a flat back, which makes playing it a whole lot easier, and higher shoulders attached to the neck. The other is more like the shape of a viol with a flat back and shoulders that slope more quickly and steeply away from the neck. Sound holes in the shape of a backwards C are also apparent in almost all double basses, to obtain a much louder sound. 4. Are there some known manufacturers that produce top of the line instruments hat are expensive? Thomas and George Martin hand-crafted double basses are priced at $20,000. The Kara Model Upton Double Bass is another well-known maker of the double bass, with prices starting at $5,350. . Who are some famous people who play your instrument?

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Human Resource Management Hiring Process

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Managementfor Hiring Process. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is a term used to describe official policies and systems strategized for management of people within an organization to help in the maximization of their performance and effectiveness so as to achieve the optimum productivity of the organization. Generally the strategies are always philosophical. Job description could be set, a hiring process designed where interviews is done to pick the best qualified, the on job trainings are performed, and core values of the organization upheld (Johnson, 2009). Team work, commitment and respect to fellow employees in human resource management is always encouraged therefore disciplinary measures are undertaken in case of non-adherence. Remunerations have also been devised depending on the job group category within a specified organization. Human resource management in the current organizational systems is still performing similar functions though with a few improvements (Towers, 2007). Applications at Work Place Looking at the applications to the workplace, there are five major processes in which human resources management dominates the responsibilities. First, there is recruitment and selection .This is the process of choosing the best qualified to fill the vacant positions in an organization. The vacancy can be as a result of newly created post or refill. It's a continuous process due to transfers, promotions, retirements, death and even termination of the employee due to disciplinary cases (Mark, 2014). Recruitment and selection is important because it helps in the reduction of employment of incompetency, under qualified or unmotivated personnel. This is best done when positions are advertised and interviews performed. For me as an employee it helps me get satisfied and try advancing for promotions. Secondly, orientation is a process carried out by the human resource management to the newly recruited personnel. It helps in adjustment within the new job. The employee gets to familiarize with the objectives and goals of the organization. One gets to know duties assigned to them, the exact job description, how that particular position and other positions are related in the organization. As an employee orientation will clarify my active role therefore aids in my planning how to achieve the short term and long term goals required of me. Maintaining good working conditions for the employees is another vital process of the human resource management. Environmental conditions regarding their health and safety is vital. Offering sick leaves and putting in place protective measures. Working environment is made admirable when there is motivation (Mathis, 2005). This can be monetary or non-monetary. In monetary, when the salaries and remuneration are fair enough then the employees output increases due to satisfaction .rewarding outstanding performers creates a healthy competition. In non-monetary includes protecting against bullying and harassment, being friendly and approachable, appreciating when necessary. As an individual when my welfare is taken care of I feel more energized and motivated to work. HRM assists in managing employees and labor relations. Unions are put in place to help fight for well-being of the workers, help solve conflict and for communication. The employees voice is heard and industrial relations maintained. As an employee, I can express my dissatisfaction without fear of being penalized (Klerck, 2009). It also enhances training and development .New skills arise day to day so it's important to perform on job trainings .The human resource is concerned with providing leadership training and in some cases encouraging growth and development professionally by providing tuition reimbursement programs. My take is that I'll feel more encouraged to study if there's support. Analysis of Transformational Role of HRM In the recent days the human resource management has not only undergone transformation itself but has also transformed organizations in myriad ways. For instance, it has led to merger and acquisitions which involves transactions where ownership of the entire or specified units are combined or transferred (Klerck, 2009). This advocates for growth and change of the nature of business competitive state. In merger we consolidate two entities into one while in acquisition we transfer the ownership to another entity. This reveals how these roles are transformational as opposed to being transactional There is also the aspect of talent management anticipation of the human capital which is required for effective organizational performance. The approach is vital since it is a strategic workforce planning that links the business strategy into sense making (Mark, 2014). This helps unearth benefits in market capitalization, productivity, revenue, and customer satisfaction. It is achieved not only through hiring qualified personnel but also retaining them. Lastly, good HRM strategies enhance succession planning (Judy, 2014). Due to retirements and deaths, it is important to identify leaders who can replace the present ones in case of such occurrences. The strategy involves identification of specific backup individuals. The idea is transformational as it encourages the would-be leaders to improve their output which in turn upholds organizational performance. Generally it is profitable to recruit and develop employees from within the organization as this enhances consistency and ease of m anaging transitions. Conclusion Due to the aspect of diversity organizations are learning to adapt to multiculturalism as it helps gather ideas widely. Through proper HRM strategies, various religious and ethnic groups are addressed and made to have a sense of belonging even at the workplace. This helps in reduction of ethnic conflicts and encourages positive growth (Towers, 2007). Managers ought to have communication, negotiation, and problem solving skills in addition to being discreet and ethical. This is because successful HRM revolves around these critical skills. References Johnson, P. (2009). HRM in changing organizational contexts. London: Routledge Judy, B. (2014). Human resource management. Harlow: Pearson Education limited. Klerck, G. (2009). Industrial relations and human resource management. London: Routledge. Mark, O. (2014). What works at Work. New York: The star bank Press. Mathis, R. (2005). Human Resource Management. California: Thomson Publishers. Towers, D. (2007). Human resource management essays. Journal of Human Resource, 2(2), pp. 22-26